Is undergraduate ophthalmology teaching in the United Kingdom still fit for purpose?

  • 1.

    Schulz C, Hodgkins P. Factors associated with confidence in fundoscopy. Clin Teach. 2014;11:431–5.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 2.

    Yusuf IH, Salmon JF, Patel CK. Direct ophthalmoscopy should be taught to undergraduate medical students—yes. Eye .2015;29:987–9.

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 3.

    Davey CJ, Green C, Elliott DB. Assessment of referrals to the hospital eye service by optometrists and GPs in Bradford and Airedale. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2011;31:23–8.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 4.

    Drake RL, McBride JM, Lachman N, Pawlina W. Medical education in the anatomical sciences: the winds of change continue to blow. Anat Sci Educ. 2009;2:253–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 5.

    Shuttleworth GN, Marsh GW. How effective is undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in ophthalmology? Eye (Lond). 1997;11:744–50.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 6.

    Tariq F, Loutfi M, Ghouri N, Watts M. Survey of current undergraduate ophthalmology teaching in the United Kingdom. Eye News. 2019. Available at: https://www.eyenews.uk.com/features/ophthalmology/post/survey-of-current-undergraduate-ophthalmology-teaching-in-the-united-kingdom. [Accessed October 10, 2020].

  • 7.

    Freeman S, Eddy SL, McDonough M, Smith MK, Okoroafor N, Jordt H, et al. Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:8410–5.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 8.

    Schwartzstein RM, Roberts DH. Saying goodbye to lectures in medical school – paradigm shift or passing fad? N. Engl J Med. 2017;377:605–7.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 9.

    Kivell TL, Doyle SK, Madden RH, Mitchell TL, Sims EL. An interactive method for teaching anatomy of the human eye for medical students in ophthalmology clinical rotations. Anat Sci Educ. 2009;2:173–8.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 10.

    Adams JW, Paxton L, Dawes K, Burlak K, Quayle M, McMenamin PG. 3D printed reproductions of orbital dissections: a novel mode of visualising anatomy for trainees in ophthalmology or optometry. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99:1162–7.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 11.

    Smith CF, Tollemache N, Covill D, Johnston M. Take away body parts! An investigation into the use of 3D-printed anatomical models in undergraduate anatomy education. Anat Sci Educ. 2018;11:44–53.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 12.

    Xiong L, Ding XY, Fan YZ, Xing Y, Zhang XH, Li T, et al. A novel three-dimensional electric ophthalmotrope for improving the teaching of ocular movements. Int J Ophthalmol. 2019;12:1893–7.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 13.

    Steedman M, Abouammoh M, Sharma S. Multimedia learning tools for teaching undergraduate ophthalmology: results of a randomized clinical study. Can J Ophthalmol. 2012;47:66–71.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 14.

    Succar T, Zebington G, Billson F, Byth K, Barrie S, McCluskey P, et al. The impact of the Virtual Ophthalmology Clinic on medical students’ learning: a randomised controlled trial. Eye (Lond). 2013;27:1151–7.

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 15.

    Allen LK, Bhattacharyya S, Wilson TD. Development of an interactive anatomical three-dimensional eye model. Anat Sci Educ. 2015;8:275–82.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 16.

    Hogg HDJ, Pereira M, Purdy J, Frearson RJR, Lau GB. A non-randomised trial of video and written educational adjuncts in undergraduate ophthalmology. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20:10.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 17.

    Aungst TD, Patel R. Integrating digital health into the curriculum-considerations on the current landscape and future developments. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2020;7:2382120519901275.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 18.

    Elmansouri A, Murray O, Hall S, Border S. TEL methods used for the learning of clinical neuroanatomy. In: Rea PM, (ed). Biomedical Visualisation. Volume 8. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 43–73.

    Chapter 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 19.

    Mamtora S, Sandinha MT, Ajith A, Song A, Steel DHW. Smart phone ophthalmoscopy: a potential replacement for the direct ophthalmoscope. Eye. 2018;32:1766–71.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 20.

    Shikino K, Suzuki S, Hirota Y, Kikukawa M, Ikusaka M. Effect of the iExaminer teaching method on fundus examination skills a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e1911891.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 21.

    Schulz C, Moore J, Hassan D, Tamsett E, Smith CF. Addressing the ‘forgotten art of fundoscopy’: evaluation of a novel teaching ophthalmoscope. Eye (Lond). 2016;30:375–84.

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 22.

    Lee GA, Shah P. Use of a high-resolution camera (GoPro) for the slit lamp. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;46:447–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 23.

    Jaffar AA. YouTube: an emerging tool in anatomy education. Anat Sci Educ. 2012;5:158–64.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 24.

    Root T. The easy way to learn ophthalmology. Timroot.com. 2021. Available at: https://timroot.com/. [Accessed June 7, 2021].

  • 25.

    Rajak S, Selva D, Davis G, Watanabe A, Handa Y. EyeSurgeryVideos.net. Oculoplastic – EyeSurgeryVideos.net. 2015. Available at: https://oculoplastic.eyesurgeryvideos.net/ [Accessed May 29, 2021].